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Mutarda nigra

(L.) Bernh. (1800)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Mutarda

black mustard, makeke, mākeke

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Erect annual herbs 5–25 dm tall, branched above, with watery and usually pungent sap.

Stems: Stems sparsely hirsute, especially on lower parts of stem, or subglabrous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate or rarely opposite. Lower blades deeply pinnatified, with a large terminal lobe and a few small lateral ones, 10–20 cm long, 3–9 cm wide. cauline leaves gradually reduced. Cauline leaves sessile, not clasping the stem. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in usually bractless, in elongate, terminal racemes. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic or rarely slightly irregular; showy. Calyx of 4 sepals, ascending or spreading, deciduous, erect, usually oblong, inner ones ± gibbous at base. Corolla of 4 petals, rarely absent, yellow, 7–8 mm long, long–clawed. Stamens (2–4)6(–16), tetradynamous, the inner 4 usually in pairs, sometimes connate at base in pairs; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2(4?)-carpellate, usually 2-celled by means of a false, but usually complete septum, rarely 1-celled, sessile or rarely stipitate; ovules 1 to numerous, borne on parietal placentas on replum margin at periphery of ovary wall, campylotropous or occasionally anatropous; style 1 or occasionally absent; stigma truncate or 2-lobed.

Fruit: Capsules divided into 2 cells by the usually thin and membranous septum; elongate (at least 3 times as long as wide) and referred to as a silique. fruit an elongate; linear silique; often torulose; terete (cylindrical) or 4–angled; with a stout; indehiscent; flat or conical; often 1–seeded beak. Siliques erect; appressed to the stem; 1–2 cm long; the beak sterile; 1–4 mm long. Seeds 1 to numerous; often becoming mucilaginous when wet; endosperm essentially absent. Seeds dark reddish brown; globose; 1–1.3 mm in diameter; the surface finely reticulate.

Ploidy: 2n = 16; 32

Habitat: Naturalized in disturbed areas; especially along roadsides and in pastures.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (40)

Brassica brachycarpa P.Candargy (1897)
Brassica bracteolata Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (1838)
Brassica elongata var. longipedicellata Halácsy ex Formánek (1898)
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch (1833)
Brassica nigra f. breviflora Zapał. (1913)
Brassica nigra f. condensata Hausskn. (1890)
Brassica nigra f. dentifera Zapał. (1913)
Brassica nigra f. glabrata Zapał. (1913)
Brassica nigra f. hispida O.E.Schulz (1919)
Brassica nigra proles persoonii Rouy & Foucaud (1895)
Brassica nigra proles turgida (Pers.) Rouy & Foucaud (1895)
Brassica nigra subsp. hispida (O.E.Schulz) Gladis (1992)
Brassica nigra var. abyssinica A.Braun (1841)
Brassica nigra var. bracteolata (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Spach ex Coss. (1859)
Brassica nigra var. carneodentata Kuntze (1891)
Brassica nigra var. subglabra Kuntze (1891)
Brassica nigra var. torulosa (Pers.) Alef. (1866)
Brassica nigra var. turgida (Pers.) Alef. (1866)
Brassica nigra var. vulgaris Alef. (1866)
Brassica persoonii Rouy & Foucaud (1895)
Brassica sinapioides Roth (1848)
Brassica sinapis Noulet (1837)
Brassica turgida Rouy & Foucaud (1895)
Crucifera sinapis (L.) E.H.L.Krause (1902)
Erysimum glabrum C.Presl (1826)
Melanosinapis communis Spenn. (1829)
Melanosinapis nigra (L.) Calest. (1908)
Raphanus sinapis-officinalis Crantz (1769)
Rhamphospermum nigrum (L.) Al-Shehbaz (2021)
Sinapis bracteolata G.Don (1839)
Sinapis erysimoides Roxb. (1832)
Sinapis gorraea Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. (1831)
Sinapis nigra L. (1753)
Sinapis nigra var. torulosa (Pers.) Mérat (1812)
Sinapis nigra var. turgida (Pers.) Mérat (1812)
Sinapis orgyalis Willd. ex Ledeb. (1841)
Sinapis persoonii (Rouy & Foucaud) A.Chev. (1941)
Sinapis torulosa Pers. (1806)
Sinapis turgida Pers. (1806)
Sisymbrium nigrum (L.) Prantl (1884)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Syst. Verz. Erf.: 197 (1800)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:400 (O, M, H [as Brassica nigra]); Starr et al. 2003:25 (Mi); Al-Shehbaz 2021 (Syn. B. nigra = Rhamphospermum nigrum); German 2022 (Syn. R. nigrum = M. nigra); Starr & Starr 2022b (Mi†, 2008)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Mutarda nigra Parker Ranch, Waikii, abandoned corn fields Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 287 Hawaii BISH 1932-01-13
2 Mutarda nigra South Kohala District. Collected east of Queen Kaahumanu Highway between Mauna Lani Drive and Puako turn off Dry area with scant vegetation; open grassland with scattered Prosopis pallida. Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. Hawaii BISH 1991-02-04
3 Mutarda nigra Kealia Trail, lower part of guava zone; one plant only taken beside the trail. Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Egler, F.E. 37121 Oahu BISH 1937-12-17
4 Mutarda nigra Kula Maui Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
5 Mutarda nigra Saddle Rd., road side at Pohakuloa Training Area Headquarters Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4681 Hawaii BISH 1982-09-17
6 Mutarda nigra Along Hwy. 190 2.6 miles north of jct. road to Waikoloa Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5236 Hawaii BISH 1984-01-16
7 Mutarda nigra Schofield Barracks, East Range Preserved_Specimen Kawelo, K. 82 Oahu BISH 2008-02-27
8 Mutarda nigra Kula Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Maui BISH
9 Mutarda nigra South Kohola District, at junction of Saddle Rd. and Mamalahoa Hwy Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 9713 Hawaii BISH 1995-04-20
10 Mutarda nigra Waianae Mts., Kealia Ridge, Army trail Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1942-04-01
11 Mutarda nigra Pukalani Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2512 Maui BISH 1986-02-19
12 Mutarda nigra Waianae Mts. Kealia Ridge, Army trail Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1942-04-01
13 Mutarda nigra N of Pulehu Gulch, Upper Kula Road, near junction with Haleakala highway Ratre in pasture on gentle slope, thin soil on lava rock. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 55456 Maui BISH 1974-04-15
14 Mutarda nigra East Maui, Pukalani Growing as a weed in dry vacant lots. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 3290 Maui BISH 1991-09-16
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